Tuesday, 3 January 2012

Public and Private Limited Companies

  • Each company has its own identify in law
  • the company employs staff, not the owners
  • the company owns assets not the owner
  • the company operates until in formally wound up/ liquidation
  • the company pays co-operation tax on its profits
PRIVATE

ADVANTAGES

  • limited liability
  • minimum of 1 director + 1 shareholder
  • easy to set up/ affairs still private
  • easier to raise capital/ borrow from bank
  • death of shareholder has no effect on company
DISADVANTAGES
  •  cannot sell shares to public
  • more regulations to comply with
  • account procedures may be more costly
  • death of shareholder has no effect on company
  • share transfers need agreement of all
PUBLIC 

ADVANTAGES
  • limited liability
  • increased capital as public can buy shares
  • min of 2 directors + 2 shareholders
  • shares increase in value if company sucessful 
  • operating large scale can lower cost per unit
DISADVANTAGES
  • many regulations to comply with
  • accounts (and problems) are public knowledge
  • shareholders may sell shares of dividends porr
  • original owner may lose overall control

Thursday, 29 December 2011

Partnership

2 people/ more

ADVANTAGES
  • easier to raise capital
  • problems/ ideas can be discussed
  • greater range of skills and expertise
  • cover for holidays + sickness
  • death of a partner means share needs repaying
DISADVANTAGES
  • unlimited liability
  • profits shared
  • may be disagreements 
  • decisions/ actions legally binding on all partners

Sole Trader

1 owner
  • Unlimited liability (owners responsible for all debts and may have to sell personal assets)
ADVANTAGES
  • easy to set up and give personal service
  • owner independent
  • can make quick decisions
  • min of paperwork
  • knows customers- help avoid bad ideas
DISADVANTAGES
  • unlimited liability
  • long hours, no cover for holidays/ sickness
  • capital may come from savings
  • need business skills
  • business ends on death

two entrepreneurs!


Name of entrepreneur: Brad Deal

What is she renowned for? – Sticks and Stones Gifts

 Brad Deal is infact a father when he became successful entrepreneur; he had initiative that he saw something good and decided to go for it. He was also very clever in business and economics area as had economics degree, he was playing games with his little daughter teaching the alphabet when he though of idea, out of box so space in market, this lead to the multi-million dollar fortune. It was his family that lead him to think of his new idea, his walks with his daughter the fact she enjoyed nature and the architecture, and he with his daughter noticed find sticks/stones that resembled letters and began to take photos. He used the photos to teach his daughter slowly the pile of photos grew. However there still was no business until a Teacher of their daughter gave them a gift and they came up with idea of framing the photos to do form the teachers last name, she loved it, and the entrepreneur side of Brad kicked in. their website Sticks and Stones and gathered all the photos, framed them and placed them on their catalogue. They visited Oprah Winfrey ( host and entrepreneur) and got the unique gift delivered to eye of public, she personally was impressed and ordered one for Celebrity Actor Tom Cruise!!! The family business kicked off. Nowadays there are even ‘’sticks and stones’’ in the White House along with millions of houses, they are no millionaires and the business is forever growing. They have got 3 daughters and teach still the alphabet with sticks and stones.


Name of entrepreneur: Josephine Esther Mentzer (known as Estee Lauder)
What is she renowned for? - Cosmetic Company Estee Lauder.

Josephine was brought up in a large family which helped with getting to the network of people she needed that would help her end up being one of the most successful lady entrepreneurs known in America. Her father owned a store, so she learnt and grew up in an environment of business. She started by getting a job through her uncle who was a chemist (owned a company which sold lotions to beauty shops) selling creams. I think that she got to see how business world works as whole as how stores get their supplies (through uncle) and how they sell it to customers (through father). Also her uncle inspired her into her passion of cosmetics, to start with cream, she created her own Brand Estee Lauder and formulated her own creams. She met up with the manager of Sak’s Fifth avenue who she convinced to carry her new creams which actually sold out in 2 days I think what landed her this hit was that she was so persuasive and again like Hugh had a passion and strong belief for what she was selling. This breakthrough also increased her confidence and set out to sale every major department store in the United States, with her products. She succeeded in signing contracts with three 3 important contacts. However she than unsuccessfully tried to convince several advertising agencies to take her company on as a client. She had the initiative and decided to do her own campaign by offering free samples in the mail and free gifts with the purchase of one of her products. This was a fantastic marketing plan as nowadays many beauty and food companies use this technique. However her large hit was when she developed ‘’Estee Lauder’s Youth Dew’’ a combination of bath oil and perfume, building on this success she increased her target market to men making a line for them. Within 20 years her products were available in every major department store in more than 70 countries. She was clearly hardworking and never gave-up to get to this success infact she was hard worker till she had to stop her career at age of 86 as she unfortunately broke her hip. Estee Lauder, Inc. went public, and four years later it became the nation’s largest cosmetic company accounting for more than 50% of all retail beauty products sold across the USA. She became the only women to be on the 20 most influential business geniuses of the century, in 1988; Times Magazine. Unfortunately Estee Lauder died 6 years ago however leaving a more than successful business with revenues in excess of $6.4 Billion, and over 25000 employees. Today the Estee Lauder brand is available in over 118 countries.

What is an entrepreneur?

 SOMEONE WHO MAKES A BUSINESS IDEA HAPPEN THROUGH THEIR OWN EFFORT/ BY ORGANISING OTHERS TO DO WORK

Someone who exercises initiative by organizing a venture to take benefit of an opportunity and, as the decision maker, decides what, how, and how much of a good or service will be produced.
An entrepreneur supplies risk capital as a risk taker, and monitors and controls the business activities. According to economist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1950), entrepreneurs are not necessarily motivated by profit but regard it as a standard for measuring achievement or success. Schumpeter discovered that they (1) greatly value self-reliance, (2) strive for distinction through excellence, (3) are highly optimistic (otherwise nothing would be undertaken), and (4) always favor challenges of medium risk. 

Define the 4 stages of the business cycle and explain why they happen.

  1. RECOVERY/ UPSWING
  • (recovers from slump)
  • production + employment increase
  • consumers spend more as more confident in the security of their employment
  • no major decisions are required to meet rising demand whilst spare capacity exists (use idle resources)
  • as business confidence increases, firms may invest in further fixed assets (e.g. factories)
  • employees find jobs more easily + wages rise
2. BOOM
  • high levels of production + expenditure by firms , consumers, goverment
  • lead to prosperity + confidence in business community
  • investment in fixed assets rise
  • can experience pressure
  • skilled workers become scarce and firms offer higher wages
  • shortages occur as insufficient raw materials to meet high demand
  • price rise
  • combination of higher wages + rise in price of raw materials --> inflation (lead to end of boom)
3. DOWNSWING
  • incomes + output start to fall
  • rising prices of labour + materials increase cost of production
  • business lower profits
  • UK government normally raise interest rates to avoid inflation
  • falling profits + rising interest rates --> delays in new plans for new factories/ offices
  • production can fall and amount of spare capacity raises
  • some businesses fail + level of bankruptcies rise
4. SLUMP
  • production at lowest
  • unemployment high
  • increasing numbers of firms suffer from isolvency

How does economic activity relate to GDP

GDP depends on economic activity. (e.a --> relate to level of spending and production)
rising economic activity will cause higher level of GDP